Development of Educational-Based Psychosocial Resilience Model Guidelines for Student Survival in New Normative Routines

This study aims to review student-athletes resilience power, coping power, and protective power in surviving the new norm routine in Malaysia. Aspects of the resilience dimension include self-confidence, self-discipline, self-ability, self-control, and self-determination. In addition, this study also aims to identify whether there are differences in resilience and coping dimensions based on some demographic factors. Both aspects of the survey, namely the level of resilience and coping, identify this difference obtained from data collected through questionnaires. The study sample consisted of school students in Malaysia. A total of 190 study samples were randomly selected. This study uses a quantitative approach. The findings of the study through exploratory analysis using principal component analysis (PCA) revealed the structure of four factors: self-confidence, self-discipline, self-ability, and self-control. Structural equation modeling (SEM) showed that the scale items formed four factors related to higher coping. The structure turns out to be stable over different age groups. The study's implications showed the need for exposure to Co-Curriculum education patterns and social support applied directly in increasing the protective power against challenges for student-athletes. © 2023 by authors, all rights reserved.

Exploring the Athletic Identity, Anxiety, and Mental Health of Division II Collegiate Athletes in the COVID-19 Era

The COVID-19 pandemic has had serious implications on the health and well-being of student-athletes. The present study explored the athletic experiences of NCAA Division II college athletes during the competitive hiatus caused by the pandemic, as well as in their return to sport participation. Twenty male and female student-athletes from a variety of sports (freshman = 2, sophomores = 4, seniors = 9, and graduate = 5) participated in semistructured interviews to explore how the pandemic affected their athletic identity, anxiety, and mental health. Through the use of thematic content analysis, the following major themes were identified: (a) influence of COVID on athletic identity, (b) increased anxiety during COVID, (c) social aspects of sport participation, and (d) factors that influence mental health. Findings indicated a combination of positive and negative effects on the athletic identity, anxiety, and mental health and well-being of student-athletes.

'Legs feed the wolf': An evolutionary perspective on psychosocial stress, physical activity, and their associations with telomere length in NCAA student-athletes and non-athletes

Psychosocial stress negatively impacts our mental and physical health, predisposing us to illness, worsened mental health, and accelerated aging. Conversely, regular physical activity, such as exercise and sports training, positively impacts our health. These opposing effects are intriguing because psychosocial stress and physical activity were inextricably linked throughout human evolution. Large populations of humans have only recently begun transitioning into more sedentary lifestyles, uncoupling psychosocial stress from physical activity. Improving our understanding of these two factors and their interactions will, in turn, improve our understanding of the mechanisms through which psychosocial stress impacts health in both modern and ancestral human populations.My dissertation examines whether physical activity moderates the association between psychosocial stress and capillary blood telomere length in NCAA student-athletes and their non- athlete counterparts in the general student population. My first paper develops an in-depth comparison of psychosocial stress in these two groups using a suite of psychosocial stress surveys and an adapted cognitive interview protocol. Student-athletes (N=65) reported lower levels of current perceived stress and anxiety symptoms (p<0.05) but similar levels of childhood psychosocial stress, recent exposure to external stressors, and depressive symptoms compared to non-athletes (N=57). My second paper utilized self-report and objective measures of physical activity (i.e., accelerometry) to compare physical activity patterns in these groups. Student- athletes (N=60) both self-reported higher levels of physical activity and recorded higher levels of activity via accelerometry (p>0.001) compared to non-athletes (N=50). Interestingly, categorical measures of activity levels (i.e., time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity) identified Rowers as the most active among student-athletes, but continuous measures of activity levels (e.g., total physical activity level) identified Track and Field athletes as the most active (p>0.05 for both comparisons).My third and final paper tested whether higher physical activity weakened the association between childhood psychosocial stress and telomere length estimated from capillary blood collected on Hemaspot HF devices (N=111). Telomeres are DNA sequences that protect the ends of chromosomes. They shorten with cell replication, age, and oxidative stress, leading to functional decline with age and worsened health outcomes. Importantly, psychosocial stress is thought to accelerate TL shortening. My a priori analyses did not support a direct association between psychosocial stress, physical activity, or the interaction of these variables and telomere length. However, a post hoc analysis found that individuals who recorded higher total physical activity demonstrated a positive association between childhood psychosocial stress and telomere length (i.e., higher childhood stress predicted longer telomeres) while individuals who recorded lower total physical activity had a negative association (i.e., higher childhood psychosocial stress predicted shorter telomeres).My results do not offer explicit support for the hypothesis that physical activity moderates the effects of psychosocial stress on telomere length. However, my project adds to the literature in at least several ways. It produced a novel and much-needed comparison of psychosocial stress between NCAA student-athletes and non-athletes. It illustrated and validated several data collection techniques for psychosocial stress and physical activity. Further, my telomere findings offer an exciting direction for the future exploration of psychosocial stress- physical activity interactions. Lastly, this work improves our overall understanding of NCAA student-athletes' mental and physical health and how their unique circumstances intersect with the ongoing effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Under-researched populations and topics in sport and exercise medicine (SEM)

Correspondence to Dr Sharief Hendricks, Division of Physiological Sciences and Health through Physical Activity, Lifetsyle and Sport Research Centre, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape 7725, South Africa;sharief.hendricks01@gmail.com In this South African Sports Medicine Association (SASMA) edition of BJSM, we spotlight work on under-researched populations and topics in sport and exercise medicine (SEM). Youth sport, TGNC athletes and mental health Access to athlete mental health care, like physical care, can be considered a resource that allows athletes to function, cope with stress, perform and achieve their goals. In 2019, the IOC established the Mental Health Working Group to develop an assessment battery for the early identification of mental health symptoms and disorders in elite athletes.3 The internal consistency of the mental health assessment battery has been tested in elite athletes, but can the same internal consistency be shown for student athletes?

The impact of COVID-19 on identity formation, coping, and college transition of NCAA greek student-athletes

The spread of Covid-19 has been a disruptive force on society, wreaking unprecedented havoc on people's daily lives. This unwelcomed disruption has mirrored elements of forced transition, bringing psychological symptoms and the psychosocial impact previously seen in athletes whose athletic careers are unexpectedly terminated by injury, deselection, or another similar traumatic event. For International Student-Athletes (ISA), the transition to college is a period marked by multiple challenges since they have to adjust to a new academic, athletic, social, and cultural environment. Covid-19, perceived as a significant transition, hit the first-year ISAs while going through the traditional process of transitioning to college. This study explored the perceptions of Greek student-athletes who experienced the Covid-19 transition during their first year of college in the United States. Aspects of subjective well-being and identity formation were assessed. Using the Consensual Qualitative Research methodology (CQR), findings suggest that studying and playing at a competitive level was the top motivation for Greek ISAs to pursue a degree in the United States. The American experience favorably impacted Greek ISAs (e.g., maturity, open-mindedness, professionalism), while the compulsory athletic restriction and social isolation during the Covid-19 outbreak posed additional psychosocial challenges. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

The perception of coaches of the impact of the COVID-19-related shutdown of sports in the spring 2020 on the academic performance and mental health of high school student-athletes in Bergen County, New Jersey

The purpose of this study was to examine how coaches perceived the shutdown of sports, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the Spring of 2020, impacted the academic performance and mental health of high school student-athletes in north New Jersey. To conduct this study, the researcher conducted semi-structured interviews asking open-ended questions of 11 coaches from Bergen County who were employed during the 2020 Spring season as coaches and teachers in the high schools they represented. At the base grounding this study was Self-Determination Theory (SDT), as proposed by Ryan and Deci (2000). Through the examination of interview responses, the researcher determined that the shutdown of sports had a negative impact on the academic performance, academic motivation, and mental health of student-athletes. While the impact on the academic performance of student-athletes was perceived to be comparable by some to others in the building, evidence indicated that the shutdown of sports hurt student-athletes because of factors that included social isolation, a lack of physical activity, and the perceived loss of a reason to attend school. The coaches also perceived that the mental health of student-athletes, both male and female, was impacted by the shutdown of high school sports in 2020. Especially impacted by the lockdowns were senior athletes who were hurt because of the loss of opportunities to achieve certain goals in their last year of high school and interference with college opportunities that arose as a result of the shutdown of sports during the pandemic. Lastly, it was found the coaches shared varying recollections in terms of the impact of the shutdown of sports on male athletes compared to female athletes, with the belief that male athletes were more negatively affected, both academically and from a mental health standpoint. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

A narrative exploration into the intersection of Division I Black student-athlete environment, identity, and mental health

The study examined narrative counter-stories of 10 Division I Black student-athlete experiences at the intersection of race, gender, sport activism, and mental health while attending predominantly White institutions (PWIs) in the Midwest amid ongoing racial and social injustices throughout the United States. The theoretical frameworks utilized throughout the literature and study were critical race theory, intersectionality, and the ecological perspective, which highlighted gaps in the literature, research, policies, procedures, initiatives, and support systems in place for Division I Black student-athlete environment, identity, and mental health.The sample consisted of participants who are Black student-athletes currently competing an NCAA Division I PWI in the Midwest. Purposeful and snowball sampling strategies were intentionally chosen to effectively recruit a population that is historically harder to reach. The participant's counter-story and analysis followed individual interview analysis and a group analysis through the lens of Fraser?s (2004) data analysis phases, both CRT and intersectionality frameworks, and the ecological perspective.Findings from the critical race qualitative narratives suggested there are gaps in adequately supporting Division I Black student-athletes attending PWIs in the Midwest. Furthermore, the participants did not feel acknowledged or validated yet felt somewhat supported. Participants acknowledged challenges including racism, microaggressions, and added pressures at the intersection of race, gender, sport, and advocacy. Division I Black female student-athletes reported adding gender identity to the intersection of race, sport, and activism added another layer of challenges, although those challenges also served as a motivational force to be the representation that is needed throughout PWIs and athletics departments.The experiences of the Division I Black student-athlete attending PWIs in the Midwest are unique and complex in nature. There were several limitations associated with this study including limited generalizability, sampling issues, geographical location, data collection compromise due to time and space (i.e., COVID, virtual zoom platform), and some researcher bias despite effort. Aligning with the argument that there is not a one size that fits all nor experience, the findings from the study cannot be generalizable experiences of Black student-athletes across sport participation types, institutional contexts, academic performance levels, or one's overall mental health and well-being. The review and study served as a baseline for future studies concluding with implications for Black student-athletes, the NCAA, member institutions, athletic administrators, and counselor educators and helping professionals to better support Division I Black student-athlete identity, mental health, and well-being at PWIs in the Midwest. Furthermore, concluding how environment needs to be considered when considering better ways of supporting Division I Black student-athlete mental health. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

Experiences of black student athletes in the advent of the COVID-19 global pandemic: a qualitative study

On January 30, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the outbreak of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) a public health emergency of international concern. In March 2020, the United States government imposed impactful safety and confinement measures issued by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) all over the country to prevent community transmission of COVID-19. Institutions of higher education rapidly transitioned to online learning and eliminated in-person engagements in the spring of 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 outbreak. The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) followed a similar trajectory by shutting down all athletic activities due to the global pandemic. While college students in general notably experienced increased pandemic related distress and mental health concerns (e.g., depression, anxiety) during the early stages of the global pandemic, the disruption of collegiate sport competitions and seasons uniquely and significantly impacted collegiate student athletes and their overall well-being. In this qualitative study, I sought to document and understand the narrative of Black student athletes' experiences of stress and coping during the first two months of the COVID-19 global pandemic and cancellation of collegiate sports. Through reflexive thematic analysis, I found that psychosocial resources such as avoidance, acceptance, mindful self-compassion, health and wellness, and social support, emerged as important coping skills for the athletes in the present sample. Practical implications for athletes, coaches, support staff, mental health providers, and administrative leaders within college athletics are identified and discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Moderating role of life skills for stress responses and COVID-19-related perceived stressors among high school student-athletes

This study aimed to investigate whether life skills could be negative predictors of stress responses in high school student-athletes and moderators of a relationship between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related stressors and stress responses during the pandemic. A survey was conducted from July to August 2020, and 1528 (717 females and 811 males) high school students, who belonged to sport clubs in Japanese public high schools, participated. The Stressors for Athletes During the COVID-19 Pandemic, the Stress Response Scale for Athletes, and the Daily Life Skills Scale were used to assess COVID-19-related stressors, stress responses, and life skills, respectively. The results showed that three factors of personal life skills—planning, self-esteem, and positive thinking—and one factor of interpersonal life skills—intimacy—were significant negative predictors of stress responses. In contrast, COVID-19-related stressors and one factor of interpersonal life skills—leadership—were significant positive predictors. Furthermore, positive thinking moderated the relationship between stressors and stress responses. The findings suggest the need for educators and practitioners to consider effective life skills in challenging situations, to provide fruitful life skills programs for student-athletes. © 2022 The Authors

Sleep disturbances and depression are bidirectionally associated among college student athletes across COVID-19 pandemic exposure classes.

College athletes may be vulnerable to sleep disturbances and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic as a result of large shifts in social and athletic obligations. In a national sample of college athletes, we examined the associations between sleep disturbances and depression across two timepoints, using COVID-19 exposure as a moderator. Data were collected from 2098 NCAA Division I, II, and III college athletes during two timepoints, from April 10 to May 23, and from August 4 to September 15, 2020. First, a latent class analysis was conducted with five indicators of levels of COVID-19 exposure to determine different exposure profiles. Second, to examine the directionality of associations between sleep disturbance and depression, a cross-lagged panel model was added to the latent class membership structural equation model; this allowed for testing of moderation by COVID exposure class membership. Four highly homogeneous, well-separated classes of COVID-19 exposure were enumerated: Low Exposure (57%); Quarantine Only (21%); High Other, Low Self Exposure (14%); and High Exposure (8%). COVID-19 exposure class membership did not significantly moderate associations between sleep disturbances and depression. However, student athletes significantly differed in T2 depression by their COVID-19 exposure class membership. Depression and sleep disturbances were positively correlated at both timepoints (r T1 = 0.39; r T2 = 0.30). Additionally, cross-lagged associations were found such that T2 depression was associated with T1 sleep disturbances (ß = 0.14) and vice versa (ß = 0.11). These cross-lagged associations were not significantly affected by athletes' level of COVID-19 exposure during the beginning of the pandemic.

Rising to the challenge – 2023 BJSM–AMSSM collaborative special issue

Correspondence to Dr Jason L Zaremski, Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA;zaremjl@ufl.edu Three years after the COVID-19 pandemic upended life across the globe, sports and exercise medicine (SEM) clinicians have shown resilience, strength, creativity and motivation to face the long-term societal, economic and cultural challenges from the pandemic. The original research studies are outstanding and include investigations examining training patterns in distance runners (see page 146) , the consequences of distance running with respect to relative energy deficiency in sport in female cross-country athletes (see page 153) , competition risk in wrestlers who attempt rapid weight loss prior to competition (see page 160) and the health span and associated chronic disease burden in former American-style professional football players (see page 166) . [...]our patient voice article is an inspirational journey of a high school volleyball athlete who embraced hope to conquer the many challenges of a prolonged recovery from concussion (see page 186) .

The impact of COVID-19 on identity formation, coping, and college transition of NCAA greek student-athletes

The spread of Covid-19 has been a disruptive force on society, wreaking unprecedented havoc on people's daily lives. This unwelcomed disruption has mirrored elements of forced transition, bringing psychological symptoms and the psychosocial impact previously seen in athletes whose athletic careers are unexpectedly terminated by injury, deselection, or another similar traumatic event. For International Student-Athletes (ISA), the transition to college is a period marked by multiple challenges since they have to adjust to a new academic, athletic, social, and cultural environment. Covid-19, perceived as a significant transition, hit the first-year ISAs while going through the traditional process of transitioning to college. This study explored the perceptions of Greek student-athletes who experienced the Covid-19 transition during their first year of college in the United States. Aspects of subjective well-being and identity formation were assessed. Using the Consensual Qualitative Research methodology (CQR), findings suggest that studying and playing at a competitive level was the top motivation for Greek ISAs to pursue a degree in the United States. The American experience favorably impacted Greek ISAs (e.g., maturity, open-mindedness, professionalism), while the compulsory athletic restriction and social isolation during the Covid-19 outbreak posed additional psychosocial challenges. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

Moderating role of life skills for stress responses and COVID-19-related perceived stressors among high school student-athletes

This study aimed to investigate whether life skills could be negative predictors of stress responses in high school student-athletes and moderators of a relationship between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related stressors and stress responses during the pandemic. A survey was conducted from July to August 2020, and 1528 (717 females and 811 males) high school students, who belonged to sport clubs in Japanese public high schools, participated. The Stressors for Athletes During the COVID-19 Pandemic, the Stress Response Scale for Athletes, and the Daily Life Skills Scale were used to assess COVID-19-related stressors, stress responses, and life skills, respectively. The results showed that three factors of personal life skills—planning, self-esteem, and positive thinking—and one factor of interpersonal life skills—intimacy—were significant negative predictors of stress responses. In contrast, COVID-19-related stressors and one factor of interpersonal life skills—leadership—were significant positive predictors. Furthermore, positive thinking moderated the relationship between stressors and stress responses. The findings suggest the need for educators and practitioners to consider effective life skills in challenging situations, to provide fruitful life skills programs for student-athletes.

A narrative exploration into the intersection of Division I Black student-athlete environment, identity, and mental health

The study examined narrative counter-stories of 10 Division I Black student-athlete experiences at the intersection of race, gender, sport activism, and mental health while attending predominantly White institutions (PWIs) in the Midwest amid ongoing racial and social injustices throughout the United States. The theoretical frameworks utilized throughout the literature and study were critical race theory, intersectionality, and the ecological perspective, which highlighted gaps in the literature, research, policies, procedures, initiatives, and support systems in place for Division I Black student-athlete environment, identity, and mental health.The sample consisted of participants who are Black student-athletes currently competing an NCAA Division I PWI in the Midwest. Purposeful and snowball sampling strategies were intentionally chosen to effectively recruit a population that is historically harder to reach. The participant's counter-story and analysis followed individual interview analysis and a group analysis through the lens of Fraser?s (2004) data analysis phases, both CRT and intersectionality frameworks, and the ecological perspective.Findings from the critical race qualitative narratives suggested there are gaps in adequately supporting Division I Black student-athletes attending PWIs in the Midwest. Furthermore, the participants did not feel acknowledged or validated yet felt somewhat supported. Participants acknowledged challenges including racism, microaggressions, and added pressures at the intersection of race, gender, sport, and advocacy. Division I Black female student-athletes reported adding gender identity to the intersection of race, sport, and activism added another layer of challenges, although those challenges also served as a motivational force to be the representation that is needed throughout PWIs and athletics departments.The experiences of the Division I Black student-athlete attending PWIs in the Midwest are unique and complex in nature. There were several limitations associated with this study including limited generalizability, sampling issues, geographical location, data collection compromise due to time and space (i.e., COVID, virtual zoom platform), and some researcher bias despite effort. Aligning with the argument that there is not a one size that fits all nor experience, the findings from the study cannot be generalizable experiences of Black student-athletes across sport participation types, institutional contexts, academic performance levels, or one's overall mental health and well-being. The review and study served as a baseline for future studies concluding with implications for Black student-athletes, the NCAA, member institutions, athletic administrators, and counselor educators and helping professionals to better support Division I Black student-athlete identity, mental health, and well-being at PWIs in the Midwest. Furthermore, concluding how environment needs to be considered when considering better ways of supporting Division I Black student-athlete mental health. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

Symptoms of mental illness among university student-athletes during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in Canada.

The COVID-19 pandemic lockdown disrupted the university sports season and had negative consequences on the academic and personal life of university student-athletes, resulting in several psychological challenges. The goal of this study is to document the symptoms of mental illness among university student-athletes during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in Canada. It aims to (a) assess the prevalence of mental illness symptoms (anxiety, depression, disordered eating, and dangerous drinking) among university student-athletes and (b) identify which sociodemographic and sports characteristics, pandemic impacts, and levels of perceived stress most influence these symptoms. A total of 424 university student-athletes completed an online survey, which included questions on mental illness and the impact of the pandemic lockdown. The results revealed a notable prevalence of the symptoms of mental illness; depressive symptoms are reported by 37.9% of the participants, anxiety symptoms by 24.9%, dangerous drinking symptoms by 10.1%, and disordered eating by 8.6%. In addition, being female [OR = 0.56, 95% CI (0.33, 0.95)] or a member of a visible minority group [OR = 2.63, 95% CI (1.02, 6.78)] are significantly associated with the presence of depressive symptoms. Low academic motivation has a significant negative influence on the presence of depressive [OR = 3.37, 95% CI (1.82, 6.25)] and anxiety symptoms [OR = 2.75, 95% CI (1.35, 5.62)]. However, the presence of perceived stress was strongly associated with depressive [OR = 7.07, 95% CI (3.26, 15.35)], anxiety [OR = 6.51, 95% CI (3.30, 12.84)], and dangerous drinking symptoms [OR = 5.74, 95% CI (2.51, 13.14)]. This study advocates for specific mental illness prevention and treatment resources tailored to the unique needs of university student-athletes. Accordingly, partnerships and practical interventions to support university student-athletes' mental health are presented.

COVID-19-related impact on mental health and career uncertainty in student-athletes-Data from a cohort of 7,025 athletes in an elite sport high school system in Sweden.

Objectives: Mental health consequences and behavior change has been described in elite athletes following the vast impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the world of sports. However, most study samples have been of limited size, and few studies have assessed student-athletes. This study aimed to analyze perceived mental health impact, measured as clinical degree of depression and anxiety, worry about one's sport and about one's career, and behavioral change with respect to video gaming behavior, in high-school athletes in Sweden. Methods: Data on anxiety and depression as well as on perceived behavioral changes during COVID-19 were collected from students at sports high schools in Sweden (N = 7,025) in February 2021, during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Results: Sixteen and 14% met criteria of moderate/severe depression and anxiety, respectively. Many respondents reported feeling mentally worse during the pandemic (66%), and were worried about the future of their sport (45%) or about their own future in sports (45%). Increased gaming behavior during COVID-19 was reported by 29%. All mental health variables were significantly more common in women, except increased gaming (more common in men). Being worried about one's career was less common in winter sports, more common in team sports and more common in older student-athletes, and associated with both depression and anxiety in regression analyses. Discussion: Self-reported mental health impact of COVID-19 is substantial in student-athletes, and even more so in women and in team sports. The lower impact in winter athletes suggests a moderating effect of the seasons in which the COVID-19 outbreak occurred.

INCREASED COMPETITION: HOW THE PANDEMIC HAS AFFECTED STUDENT-ATHLETES

Student-athletes have always had additional steps in the college admission process, but the COVID-19 pandemic has brought increased competition and new NCAA rules that impact admission. Here is what counselors and admission professionals working with student-athletes need to know.

The impact of “capitalization” social support services on student-athlete well-being

Purpose>This paper aims to investigate capitalization support, an alternative perspective for theorizing social support in-service settings. In the service setting of the student-athlete experience, the relationships between capitalization support service dimensions (i.e. the academic, athletic, self-development and place dimensions), well-being and sports performance are examined through a transformative sport service research (TSSR) lens, a newly introduced form of transformative service research (TSR).Design/methodology/approach>Data from an online survey of Australian student-athletes (n = 867) is examined using partial least squares structural equation modeling.Findings>The results support the theorized service dimensions of capitalization support, indicating their validity and relevance to the student-athlete experience. Further, the results demonstrate that all capitalization support dimensions except athletic support (i.e. academic support, place support and self-development support), have a direct effect on well-being and an indirect effect on sports performance.Originality/value>This research is unique for several reasons. First, it introduces a new perspective, capitalization support, to theorizing about social support in services. Second, it is one of the first studies in both TSR and TSSR to empirically test and demonstrate a relationship between support services, well-being and performance in a single study. Insight into how to design services to optimize well-being in relation to other service objectives like performance thus emerges.

Actividad física en estudiantes deportistas universitarios, previo y en el confinamiento por pandemia asociada al COVID-19 (Physical activity in university student athletes, prior and in confinement due to pandemic associated with COVID-19)

Objective: To compare the levels of physical activity in university athletes before and during the confinement due to pandemic associated with COVID-19. Method: thirty-two university student athletes enrolled in the Sports Faculty of the Autonomous University of Baja California. The average age of the participating subjects was 21.4 ± 3.6 years (17 men and 15 women). To assess the physical activity level, the international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ) was used;measurements were carried out before and during confinement by COVID-19. Results: To determine equality of variance, the Student's t-test for independent samples was applied, with less physical activity (-33.6 Δ%), MET-minutes/week during confinement by COVID-19 (p=.005). Conclusions: Despite decreasing physical activity, the university athlete performed physical activity at home during confinement by COVID-19, harmonizing the time in the learning processes in their future profession. Alternate : Objetivo: Comparar los niveles de actividad física en deportistas universitarios antes y durante del confinamiento por pandemia asociada al COVID-19. Método: treinta y dos estudiantes deportistas universitarios matriculados en la Facultad de Deportes de la Universidad Autónoma de Baja California. La edad promedio de los sujetos participantes fue 21.4±3.6 años (17 hombres y 15 mujeres). Para evaluar los niveles de actividad física, se utilizó el cuestionario internacional de actividad física (IPAQ), las mediciones se llevaron a cabo previo y en el confinamiento por pandemia asociada al COVID-19. Resultados: Para determinar la igualdad de varianza, la prueba t de Student para muestras independientes que resultó con menor actividad física (-33.6 Δ%), MET-minutos/semana antes que durante el confinamiento por COVID-19 (p=.005). Conclusiones: A pesar de disminuir la actividad física, el deportista universitario realizó actividad física en su hogar durante el confinamiento por COVID-19, armonizando el tiempo en los procesos de aprendizaje en su futura profesión.Alternate :Resumo. Objetivo: Comparar os níveis de atividade física em atletas universitários antes e durante o confinamento por pandemia associada ao COVID-19. Método: trinta e dois atletas universitários matriculados na Faculdade de Esportes da Autonomous University of Baja California. A idade média dos sujeitos participantes foi de 21,4 ± 3,6 anos (17 homens e 15 mulheres). Para avaliar o nível de atividade física, foi utilizado o questionário internacional de atividade física (IPAQ);as medições foram realizadas antes e durante o confinamento pelo COVID-19. Resultados: Para determinar a igualdade de variância, foi aplicado o teste t de Student para amostras independentes, com menor atividade física (-33,6 Δ%), MET-minutos / semana durante o confinamento pelo COVID-19 (p = 0,005). Conclusões: Apesar de diminuir a atividade física, o atleta universitário realizou atividade física em casa durante o confinamento pelo COVID-19, harmonizando o tempo nos processos de aprendizagem em sua futura profissão.

A Course-Based Undergraduate Research Experience (CURE) in Soccer Analytics

The authors designed an honors seminar course entitled Sports Analytics: Soccer to provide students with a course-based undergraduate research experience (CURE) using cutting-edge GPS/accelerometer athlete-tracking devices. This paper offers details of the design and structure of the course, where a goal was for students to contribute to a longitudinal research project of performing a comprehensive performance and load analysis on Division III women's soccer athletes.